100 2007 Worldwide Hot Technology Review (II) 1

 2007, 100 domestic and international technology hotspots Review (II)
Chen Guangren
summary based on the overall scientific and technical activities throughout the year 2007, from the scientific, social, historical, cultural, interesting, news and the angle, choose the 100 domestic and significant progress in science and technology, projects, activities or events, to demonstrate the endless frontier of science and technology developments and colorful history of the scene.
Key words science and technology; research activities; scientific and technological progress; Technology N1 Events
CLC Document code A Article ID 1000-7857 (2008) 04-0026-15
) , the most dynamic cultural achievements, which constitute our universe and the various beliefs and attitudes of human beings all one of the most powerful forces. But science is not isolated in the ivory tower to the development of cold, excited by the scientific curiosity interest has always been the main driver of technological development, and science and history, culture and more excited each card shows the interest of science.
1.1 Haug and other research centers in China under the Martha Lake Huguangyan Leizhou drawn from the analysis of sediment winter monsoon proxy paleoclimate data that caused the decline of the Tang Dynasty between AD 700-900 lead to long-term increase in winter monsoon drought Weather causes. National Climate Centre second-class chief scientist Zhang China 36 750 according to historical climate records, calculated that in the past
2 000-year moisture index data series, indicating that China has between 700-900 AD, cold winter (ie winter monsoon intensity) is basically associated with the wet summer, dry periods and wet climate presents alternate periods, and before the Tang dynasty in the last 30 years is not the rainy periods of drought periods. The result of falsification of the Tang dynasty in the arid climate of the thesis, also called in a scale of -10 in winter and summer monsoon intensity was ; natural enemies sodium lithium boron silicate, which is the popular science fiction since the 1935 comic book Luther rely on stealing from the Metropolitan Museum of kryptonite weakens Superman's forces to defeat Superman. and the movie describes the difference is not real large green crystals of krypton ore, but the white powder-like substance; it is not fluoride, is not with radiation. newly discovered mineral is named Gold particles draw the sun image
IBM Corporation researchers have created the world's smallest works of art with 20,000 mm gold particles drawn sun images (Figure 2). solar image taken from a piece of 17th century ARCHINEER painted gold symbols. researchers to etching, the desired location directly on the particles, and with each tablet of gold particles 60 nm in diameter silicon wafers fabricated in the picture. It works on the accuracy achieved break, indicating that AMD can produce sensors, lenses, nano-circuit of wires needed and used to track the subtle signs of a disease [4]. Georgia Institute of Technology researchers silicon atomic force microscope probe heat, and let thin polymer membrane their ; carved 0.5 mm2 of silicon on a carved more than 30 million words of the Hebrew the naked eye can not see the Great Wall, and only up to a certain spatial resolution satellite remote sensing images to get the Great Wall. the human visual perception from the light, color vision to the case in excellent condition, ordinary people can see objects the size of 10 m, forming flat The remote sensing techniques can be human visual function. Chinese-American astronaut Chiao photographed from space, the Great Wall with a digital camera image, the U.S. aerospace museum remote sensing images can show the Great Wall or other appropriate surface material [7].
1.5 Lei Huofu Castle Ruins excavated 30 years ago, 3 000 full hives, proved that in the records where the flood occurred. According to deep-sea samples collected and found a natural flood barrier Zeng breakthrough, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea was separated from inland lakes, the flood very quickly, and the Israeli land area equivalent to 4, the surviving The fishing vessel is already invented [9]. University of Exeter, said scientists at the University of Wollongong in Australia, dating back 8740-8160 years, the North American Laurentide ice sheet melting of Germany, the Mediterranean sea-level rise caused by 1.4 m , about 1 120 km2 of land along the flooded; the Black Sea is salt water inundation, 72 700 km2 of land were flooded, this period lasted about 34 years; causing 145,000 farmers moved west. This event may be a Noah's Ark to save the human story of the origin [10].
1.6
search for origin of life, the European Space Agency September 14, 2007 launch unmanned Foton M3 conducted 43 experiments, 26 September in Kazakhstan Stan successful landing (Figure 3). a spaceship attached to the outside by the lake sediments 400 million years ago the rock formed in some biological compounds have survived, indicating that the simple organisms to reach the Earth by meteorites possibility exists [ ,],[. Russia, Germany, Australia, the science team used computer models of molecular dynamics simulations show that inorganic particles can evolve [13]. University of Arizona research team used a radio telescope to red supergiant star VY Canis outer layers of gas observed found traces of a variety of complex molecules that form the original molecule of life may come from stars [14-15]. University of California, Santa Barbara Helen. Hansi Ma believes that the enclosed space between the thin layer of mica may be the birthplace of the first biological molecules [16]. Cardiff University's Charles Ende La so that human life originated in comets, and later it spread in the galaxies, and finally to the most livable planet [17]. Denmark University of Copenhagen Escobar. Weller Oxley and other found a frozen, has survived the harsh environment nearly 50 years old live bacteria, the oldest ever found of living organisms on Mars will help the possibility of life on the [18]. Saint Louis University Titmouse. Caskey found that 14.3 billion years ago, such as deep-sea microbial fossils of ancient bacteria in their immediate surroundings, indicating that early Earth life may have originated in the deep sea of the addicted Hot microorganisms [19].
1.7 1 million years ago fossil proof of Jiuquan butterfly was Butterfly before (Figure 4), dragonflies and other insects, fossils, the fossils length, width 7 ~ 8 cm, a complete wings, head, chest and tail, very clear lines on the wings, hidden in the back some 110 million to 1.3 million years ago the rivers and lakes in sedimentary strata. slim, lightweight body butterflies, dragonflies and other flying insects is difficult to form a fossil, the findings indicate that it is very suitable for biological Jiuquan survival was warm and humid climate. The fossils of the study insect origin, evolution, evolution and the study of ancient geography and ancient environment of the ancient climate, changes in the interpretation of ancient ecology of great value [20-21].
1.8 dating back 500 million years old jellyfish fossil
Kansas University of Bo Lien. Cartwright, etc. found in Utah than 500 million years ago, the oldest jellyfish fossils (Fig. 5). As a very fine save in the sandy sediments, showing a piece of old jellyfish fossil rich detail, you can see only 500 million years ago, the bell-shaped jellyfish shape, slender tentacles, muscle scar structure, and even female. It is very rare, because the jellyfish and other mollusks died easily biodegradable, and most of preserved fossil jellyfish coarse sandy sediments are formed, the shape is often quite vague. so far have been found in the Cambrian period of 4 different jellyfish, this fossil dating back 540 million years for the study population outbreak of the Cambrian period of rapid diversity and evolution of species provides an important line
cable [22].
1.9 serial swallowed fossils found Kerry
Witte and other German scientists accidentally discovered in a museum ingestion of fish and amphibians fossil shark swallowed (Figure 6), its history can be traced back to the basin in southwest Germany Saernae about 2.9 million years ago, the late Permian period. only freshwater sharks, about 20 in (50 cm) long, shark viscera There are two small amphibian from the vertebral sub-orders, each about 8 ~ 10 in (20 ~ 25 cm) large; of which there has been a amphibians digestive organs in the bony fish remains of bony fish alive this time around 4 in (10 cm) in length, the adult fish 可达 20 in (50 cm) or more. This is the first such complex found direct evidence of the extinction of the food chain, food chain and help to rebuild the ancient understanding of the modern water the formation of the food chain under way [23].
1.10 5 300 million years ago to produce three-dimensional map
spider Ghent University, Belgium David. Penn and other use of spiders in France, Museum Research and Restoration Center, a team of scientists agency analysis methods and the introduction of two mass X-ray scanning of two comparative studies, confirmed that the ancient sculptures from West Africa on the sunlight, may contain from ritual animal sacrifice blood (Fig. 8), iron luster of these artifacts exist only blood-related. These techniques are very sensitive, able to find a few samples of a few micrograms of the target molecule, and a technology if those elements not found in other kinds of technology can fill the gap. This research helps to better understand the behavior of ancient artists, as well as further study of these valuable artifacts open up new avenues [25].
1.12 The earliest reference to america map 500 years ago, the Library of Congress, Washington
December 13, 2007 show a painting in 1507 is considered the Val Sim Coral is a small village in the German monk, may integrate the Columbus, Amerigo. Vespucci, and many Portuguese, Spanish navigator of the information, accurately drawn and the separation of the Eurasian continent, sandwiched in the Pacific and this new continent between the Atlantic Ocean. This map length 2.32 m, width 1.20 m, 80% accuracy. The picture of the equator is only 70 mi error. This map hidden in the castle library of a German nobleman 400 years, was rediscovered in 1901, the U.S. Library of Congress in 2003 of 1 0 million U.S. dollars to buy the map. This is the first one depicts the human history in between the Atlantic and Pacific integrity of a map of the Western Hemisphere, is also documented first a . Vespucci's name Semitic text written in ancient Egyptian pyramid inscription Una King. Saqqara in northern Egypt's pyramids Una King has 4400 years ago, but will have inscriptions dating back to the age of 25 century BC to 30 BC century. this spell with a hieroglyphic inscription Satan recorded 100 years ago had been found, but has been unable to understand the meaning of them. Semitic Canaanites was 5000 years ago using a very old language form, later the Phoenicians and the Hebrews used to
[27]. University of Reading in southern England Mark. Page Er and other basic vocabulary of 200 investigated thousands of years in English, Russian, Greek, between the evolution of Spanish and found that all 87 kinds of modern Indo-European language has about 1 million years ago can be traced back to a common origin, while the frequency of use of words and word form, meaning the stability of the unbreakable link with a word use, the more it changes over time, the less likely [28]. Tsinghua University, font printed document and the scramble English Mongolian identification problem and achieve a unified platform in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Korean, Kirghiz (scramble English) comprehensive integrated document recognition, and to support the Arabic language recognition [29]. Oren University of Washington. Aiqiaoni invention Panlmmages other software, such search engines have been able to use 300 different languages image search, online dictionary 350, covering 2.5 million words [30]. American research team at Swarthmore College in recent years, such as identification, recording, collecting a number of endangered languages. study found that 70,000 languages in the world, only 83 languages with influence, there is now every two weeks a language disappears, the vast majority of endangered languages faster than birds, mammals, fish and plants [31].
1.14 Western Pacific island of Kiribati?
Walt Disney Company is promoting his new film Kiribati (Figure 10) over 3 mm large competitors Bermuda, Cape Horn, the North Pole, won the out of place, the most distant places, the real end of the world. Kiribati, located at latitude 1.25p, longitude 173., a total of 33 islands, only across the equator, the Earth and the international date line, north and south and east-west hemispheres the two hemispheres of the country. it mm from its nearest neighbor Australia and the Hawaiian Islands about 4 630 km. At present, two islands of Kiribati have been swallowed by the sea, the highest above sea level where only 6 ft. With global warming and sea level rise, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and other Pacific island countries will gradually be underwater [33].
3.15 Office issued the first detailed medical report Roman times. in 1989 in Rimini, Italy, Ferrari Square, was built under the clinic discovered Roman 2nd century BC, was destroyed about AD 260. In the ancient Roman structure consulting room consulting room and modern times, and there is not much difference. after 17 years of excavations, archaeologists found more than 150 different medical devices, is now found in most surgical equipment. where the arrow is used to pull the iron tweezers, tooth extraction pliers and open the skull, a small chisel to take debris and other medical equipment design is very rare. that 1800 years ago, doctors have mastered the diet, medication and surgery and a series of treatment [34].
1.16 James. Watson mixed feelings of grief and joy
2007 年 5 31, Nobel Prize winners, known as the ; 454 life science companies br> studies [35-36]. In the October 14, 2007 issue of the British All our social policies are based on an idea: African intelligence with us the same, but all tests have shown that not the case. growing, Long Island, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on October 18 issued a statement, Watson suspended Institute of Technology, University of Glasgow scientists using human brain response to a clear difference and fuzzy images, created a magical Marilyn - Einstein mixed picture (Figure 12). It almost see Einstein, far concept becomes Marilyn. Monroe. the human brain of a clear analysis of images blurred image faster than the speed of faster, part of the image remains clear state, the other with rough features, can create change based on distance and the picture [ ,],[activities, protection of the robot access to data, records the activities of the robot for each robot to determine the identity [39]. Chiba University in Japan recently enacted provisions of intelligent robotics research ethics mm to ensure that the robot is used for peaceful purposes. It includes: the researchers were only associated with the civilian robotics education and research; researchers may not be unethical, illegal use of technology to the robot; researchers not only to strictly abide by Asimov, ;: First, the robot can not injure a human being; second robot to obey human commands unless the first violation; third robot to protect itself, unless the first or second violation of Article [40].
1.19 found Cancer Longevity ; anti-oxidation, can destroy cancer tumor and anti-aging [41]. University of California, San Francisco biologist Cynthia. Kenyon, etc. on a life cycle is only 3 days of Caenorhabditis elegans by the DAF-734 2 effects of genetic selection and found, of which 29 genes can promote or inhibit the growth of cancer cells, half of these 29 genes also have an impact on the nematode life span. When DAF-2 mutation, and promote cancer cell growth is not normal expression of genes , and inhibition of cancer cell expression of the gene also extend the life of C. elegans [42].
1.20 search for extraterrestrial life
the U.S. National Academy of Sciences National Research Council released a report encouraging experimental work, field research and observation space 3 ways to search for extraterrestrial life combined. The report pointed out that the search of foreign stars biological hypothesis has been hindered by Earth's center, the hypothesis that all life forms need water, but some compounds in the liquid solvent to be cell In fact, Titan's internal discovered a mixed solution of water and ammonia. chemist requires the use of Earth organisms in the laboratory did not use the organisms with known differences in biochemical structure, there is a huge new creatures. laboratory and field studies combined with the Earth a better understanding of biological completely different chemical composition of potential extraterrestrial life. If you do not conduct research to better understand , the future, once found in outer space alien, the consequences would be very dangerous [43].
2
social image of science that we live in a scientific age, science directly concerned everything we have experienced what is , how to do, why the problem, it is the world we live in an important, understandable and most influential component. in science and technology have become the future development of human history and the rise and fall of the modern state as a decisive strength, concern the whole society to participate in science and technology activities to become a necessity.
2.1 technology invented by British public opinion
nuclear power, Sinclair C5 electric mini car, cars, cigarettes, TV, fast food thing, electronic guns and religion [44]. British China's Eastern Han Dynasty the abacus rather than screw pumps and aspirin in the first row [45]. print, have been the name of research out there are seven kinds of literature. These type copies of mud, wood type print to an indisputable fact that responded to China's br> right [46]. U.S. the scientific status of ancient inventions, excavation of ancient China, the scientific value of inventions, and promote national innovation and cultural heritage protection, China's State Administration of Cultural Heritage June 1, 2007 start cultural heritage, for the investigation of ancient inventions, collate, study, exhibition, 2015, the system is of great significance to master the ancient Chinese inventions on the basic profiles [48].
2.2 Mapping the global distribution of plant species
University of California, San Diego and the University of Bonn, Germany, biologists drawn reflecting a new global map of plant species diversity, covering hundreds of thousands of species, is by far the most comprehensive global distribution of plant species. This map highlights a particular protected area, in order to measure climate change on plants and humans may provide the necessary impact to help [49].
2.3 Census of Marine Life and the protection of the University of Hamburg, Germany
scientists ,2002-2005, east of the Antarctic Peninsula, Weddell Sea water 700 ~ 6 000 m deep study found that more than 700 new marine species, this changed in the past that with the increase in ocean depth, loss of biodiversity concept; and that the Antarctic may be a global center of marine biodiversity. The research is the abyss of the Census of Marine Biodiversity Programme (CeDAMar), the International Census of Marine Life (CoML) part. CeDAMar 10-year research project Since the year 2000 the goal was to water depth in the 4 000 ~ 5 000 m in the abyssal plain in the study of marine life; and more than 70 countries including China to participate in the international Census of Marine Life (CoML) for the use of advanced technology to conduct a global survey of marine biodiversity joint action [50]. American scientist Craig. Venter proposed global ocean sampling inspection plans to build a variety of marine microbial genes on the inventory, has so far received more than 600 million new genes and thousands of new protein family [51].
2.4 deal with biological invasions
Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, Yu-Long Feng and other proposed plant invasion, 8 populations by large leaf and 5 Buddleja physiological and ecological characteristics of native plant study found that if invasive alien species not encountered in the natural enemy, the alien plant will bring in the origin of natural enemies for the defense of this part of nitrogen for photosynthesis, increased photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, resulting in uncontrolled soaring invasive plants [52]. Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Australian scientists to reveal the invasion mechanisms. study found that, due to biotype B whitefly and between indigenous asymmetric mating interactions in promoting growth in the number of B biotype, while suppressing the indigenous whitefly population growth, resulting in B biotype whitefly rapid invasion and expansion. outbreaks of pests B biotype originated in the Mediterranean Sea - Asia Minor region, accompanied by poinsettia plants and other broad invasion of the global transport of tropical, subtropical and temperate low-latitude regions, cotton, tobacco, vegetables and garden flowers The main pest is the World Conservation Union International Scientific Committee on Environment (SCOPE) 1997 established the world to prevent invasive species in biological invasion plan (GISP), the World Conservation Union (IUCN) in 2001 to develop such a global strategy for invasive alien species, the European Union in 2003 to develop invasive species strategy, the European Commission 11 July 2007 adopted a response to profit bees disappeared, the loss of the East Coast up to 70%. bees outlier trend subsequently spread to mainland Europe, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Australia, Portugal, Italy and Greece have similar phenomenon. researchers speculated that the bees may have access to a certain insecticides, pesticides damage the immune system of bees, to identify the direction and the ability to fly down and lost during the flight [54]. The European Parliament Environment Committee, said legislative proposals, pesticides, modern The importance of agricultural self-evident, but the soil, air and pesticide residues in food on human health and the environment had a negative impact. requested in the next 10 years to achieve the goal of halving the use of pesticides and to prohibit aerial spraying of pesticides [55] .
2.6 may not be environmentally friendly bio-fuels
Brazil, the United States, China, India, South Africa, five countries and the European Union six March 2, 2007 announced the launch of Fuel and other alternative energy research and development [56]. International Academy of Sciences Committee (IAC) announced the report Rockefeller University in New York, Jesse. Otho Bell analysis shows that renewable energy may not be as imaginary as environmental protection, development of renewable energy requires a lot of land resources, the ultimate cost may be the destruction of the environment [58]. United Kingdom 11 organizations involved in the drafting of the report, willow, there is seeded, elephant grass and other plants used to produce bio-energy to provide heat, power and vegetable oil at the same time, the field may cause some decline in the number of wild animals, even destroy the soil and water quality [59]. OECD and FAO July 4, 2007 released a report [60]. International Water Management Institute October 11, 2007 issued the report, the development of bio-energy will make severe water tight [61]. bio-fuels is conducive to sustainable development a focus of debate.
2.7 Satellite monitoring Fire distribution and fire
resources through the European Space Agency remote sensing satellite ERS-2, a giant earth environment monitoring satellites, surface fire, draw the map of global fire, which combines all the available satellite data, can provide images of fire, time, location and other information. by July 1996 to August 2007 data, suggesting that the fire situation in a month shows that the Greek fire in August 2007 the number of its July 1998 and August the number of fire 4 times higher than in other European countries experienced over the past 10 years, the total fire. The European Space Agency and the French Space Agency in 2000, 10 month launched the Application of Google satellite maps and distributed in San Diego County over the 18 sets of remote cameras, you can quickly fire data collection, processing, determine the fire's exact location and provide images for the implementation of fire fighting and evacuation of people to gain time [63].
2.8 . Fotino capsule by instruction

Cosmetic surgery into the top ten medical errors is readily

 First, the known large, advertising the fire doctors, not necessarily a good doctor.
Powerful hype, advertising and more, high fees, the doctor is not necessarily to the level of authority. Some hospitals funded and commercial considerations are often a lot of investment and advertising, speculation doctors, Giurgiu of become a not necessarily a good doctor.
II facade large, luxurious decoration, not a good surgical technique.
cosmetic surgery done mainly by doctors, luxurious decoration, can only confirm its hardware facilities, superior technology does not mean , the patient should focus on choice of doctors rather than window-dressing, decoration and other facilities.
Third, how medical doctors to determine the level of conversation.
choose a regular medical doctor. doctor if a comprehensive analysis of surgery and the surgical about the pros and cons very thoroughly, so you choose carefully, in general, so doctors are more responsible, the level will be higher. and impractical to blindly exaggerated postoperative results of surgery to avoid the drawbacks of Seoul aside, there are often behind trap, so that doctors need to consider carefully chosen.
four doctors fees are too high or too low to be carefully chosen.
low price would not have a good stock, and super high prices do not necessarily have a good stock , a professional ethics of doctors are not exorbitant demands, and low prices will belittle its value, it will not be accepted, so the line that the general price of normal good doctor is easy to accept.
general single operation cost of 3 million or less, there is little higher than the cost of individual operations; number of surgery is generally not more than 5 million, if more than this range need to be cautious.
five, failed to shop around, too hasty decision procedure .
cosmetic surgery need to carefully select a doctor, do not rush a decision. be sure to shop around, counselor or doctor to run a widespread fear of mental patients, take such kind of psychological test is a good way to doctors, often a doctor to openly accept or encourage a few more to go, generally speaking, is a good doctor, some suggestions on doing a lot of surgery, most not for the sake of effect of surgery, but for the money! cosmetic surgery is generally not more than three on the same stage, when more than three adverse health patients to be careful.
six, not all that comparison photo, star photo doctors.
computer image processing technology is developed to achieve the perfect results, there are many hospitals to take photos after the computer display to the customer generally do not know image processing, it is very easy to be misled. star is difficult to judge the good or bad doctors, the level of his or her choice of doctors, not necessarily prudent level higher than the average person, and the doctors there are stars photos of themselves according to pseudo- possible.
VII must be clear whether a doctor is no background in plastic surgery.
doctors as motivated by profit, have halfway transfer from other disciplines of plastic surgery professionals, this part of the solid foundation of people, experience is not enough; The graduate students of plastic surgery, because of its solid foundation, received professional medical aesthetics education, in general, better than half way to transfer the doctors of plastic surgery.
eight, older practitioners is not necessarily a long time to do a good surgery .
transfer the halfway professional medical cosmetic surgery increasing, their age are not the same, 20 old, 50 old doctor, then the age alone is difficult to judge their clinical experience, practitioners time. < br> Also, do not easily select ----- younger doctors lack of clinical experience. more do not choose too old doctor, as by their visual, aesthetic, surgical methods and other factors influence the actual surgical procedure is difficult to achieve desired effect. usually selected 40-50 year-old doctor, then doctor's experience, aesthetic, surgical methods all reached the pinnacle of personal and professional students Ya, results of operations will be better.
nine, to be used in study whether the generally accepted surgical methods.
speculation surgical methods in some hospitals, medical drugs, the use of one of curiosity and attract patients. choose to visit the hospital to the maturity of surgical methods used, whether the permission of relevant departments of health care administration, Test case when the goods of others and give their own physical, psychological cause unnecessary harm.
ten, do not believe in consultants consultants
Do not believe all the results of operations to make commitments, after all, they are not operative , one of its own understanding of the surgical approach is thorough, is unknown. before the surgery and doctors must be careful to communicate in person, let the doctor know your purpose, so that the doctor based on your personal circumstances preoperative design will avoid differences due to the aesthetic brought unpleasant.

Wireless Beijing origin

 The end of June 2008, the people along the Third Ring Road Beijing overnight added a wonderful experience, whether mm using laptops, or use Wi-Fi-enabled handset terminal, can connect to wireless networks, and does not produce any cost . but this is only the beginning. so do network security, is to achieve seamless coverage, three months after the free period it will be how to develop?
to the wireless network for free as air and convenient, this is a municipal building Imagine. However, the global one after another after another defeat for free pattern of the words: br> 2008 年 6 the end of Beijing North Third Ring Road are in people less than a wonderful new experience overnight mm either with a laptop, or use Wi-Fi-enabled handset terminal, can connect to the wireless network, and does not produce any cost.
but this is only the beginning. safe for such a network, the signal is stable, a three-month free period, how will it develop?
2004 年 7 months, the first time in Philadelphia the public services. from the United States Washington, New York, San Francisco, London, England, Canada, Ontario, to Perth, Australia, New Zealand, Wellington, the Netherlands, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Germany, Singapore, Chinese Taipei and Hong Kong, increasingly more cities are trying to find new wireless city's economic vitality. By 2010, the city will reach global wireless 1500.
Although wireless city shows great potential and unlimited prospects, but in the process of building the current still many difficulties and challenges encountered, the most concentrated problems mainly in two aspects: technical options and business model.
Now, in the development of wireless technology, 3G, Wi-Fi, WiMAX is being recognized as the most promising wireless technology, because these types of technology features and the different scenarios, the construction of a wireless city can effectively complement each other. Wi-Fi technology is relatively mature, but coverage is limited, not suitable for outdoor deployment, but In the room, though, can provide stable coverage. Mesh technology for Wi-Fi, in networking, transmission distance and the mobility has greatly improved on, it can in a certain urban areas or large parks within the entire range , Wi-Fi easy to achieve expansion and extension. WiMAX to solve a long-distance wireless transmission problem, the user can achieve convergence of the wireless link. from the current application situation, most wireless city projects have adopted WiMAX + Mesh + Wi model-Fi networking technology.
models in operation, so that sounds of this glorious mission seems to be borne by the government, without any profit nature.
Until recently, the birthplace of the United States in the wireless city, a city was proud of his success in the wireless operator MetroFi, a sudden stop All of the wireless city projects; much earlier, when New South Wales state government to cancel its major urban centers in the free wireless network deployment plans; As early as in mid-2007, the U.S. pioneer of wireless city Philadelphia, EarthLink to renounce wireless networks; in the world's most complete wireless city network in Taipei, China Taiwan, the operator Q-Ware suffering the torment of huge loss.
from the global wireless city will inevitably feel worried, to Beijing as the representative of the wireless city construction on how to avoid making the same mistakes?
all only just begun.
not covered by the base station signal

Beijing to speed up the deployment of a wireless city Construction completed at the end of March, and after three months of network optimization and testing. At present, the scope of coverage including the opening of Second, Third, CBD shopping district, Financial Street, Zhongguancun district and Wangjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Xuanwu Chun tree , Yizhuang and other regions, covering an area of 100 square kilometers.
According to report, this wireless city coverage are concentrated in the business district, including Zhongguancun, Financial Street, CBD, Wangjing and Yizhuang, although the CLP Watertown the company released the information: Ring, ring the main road along the Chang'an Avenue and has covered near, but from the point of view should be very narrow width.
① ring side reporter was covering the measured signals wireless city Beijing result < br> ② iPhone smartphones like duck to water in the wireless city in Beijing's wireless city
③ be established, relying on the wireless router provider to offer a variety of devices such as
time by nearly a month of experience, The reporters found that Beijing is using the wireless network is also not very stable. In international trade, the West Third Ring Road, Chang'an Street and other places, the signal strength are not ideal, the page is almost impossible to navigate. The work of the office of the press, it is not detect the wireless city network. In this regard, CLP China through customer service explained that the wireless signal coverage outdoors and is the main road. In order to solve the problem of site selection, the CLP will generally Watertown Wi-Fi street light pole placed in the base station by the signal coverage range and building block of the restrictions, the wireless signal is difficult to reach the room. in the future building of Phase II and III, this situation will be resolved.
fact, In all buildings in the city, people demand high-quality wireless coverage even more urgent. It is hoped that the wireless network can connect from anywhere and use. However, the base station is located outdoors and can not provide a good indoor or buildings coverage. offices are usually equipped with a steel window, thermal windows and other building materials may weaken the wireless signal; and may be due to family homes are built on the hillside or obscured by trees, which shield the wireless signal. In addition, like video streaming and gaming Download services like high-speed wireless transmission needs to be better, even if the coverage quality of voice services, buildings can also be within the data quality of service may also appear the situation unacceptable.
Beijing's urban terrain complex and competitive enclosure For the CLP through such operators in China, the high cost of laying fiber.
Wi-Fi uses the 2.5GHz ISM free band, this band is currently in the world without any telecom operator license free band. But Wi -Fi technology can not cope with the equipment of different operators interfere with each other, this will inevitably lead to significant decline in Wi-Fi performance, technical limitations meant the Wi-Fi signal quality is poor. As WiMAX chips and not the scale of business notebooks, so the technology only as a backbone transmission.
Youyu Wi-Fi technology more limited coverage, and wider coverage for mobile WiMAX technology is not yet mature, so the Mesh technology began to receive much attention. relative to the Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi Mesh Technology In networking, the transmission distance and mobility has greatly improved on, it can in a certain urban areas or large parks throughout the range, Wi-Fi easy to achieve expansion and extension. Mesh deployment of low cost, and can be smooth transition to future WiMAX networks. WiMAX to solve a long-distance wireless transmission, Mesh is an effective complement to WiMAX, to resolve the last mile coverage. from the current application situation, most wireless city projects abroad have adopted Wi -Fi Mesh or WiMAX + Mesh technology and networking.
WiMAX and Wi-Fi Mesh combination is becoming a trend. WiMAX and Wi-Fi combined to form the city's wireless broadband coverage by the warm zone ( Warm Zone) and hot (Hot Spot) service throughout the city and to support mobile work and lifestyle. At present, Intel and other equipment manufacturers in the energetic efforts, WiMAX + Wi-Fi Mesh solution has been in the United States, Britain and some other 13 cities in the country or city has been applied. In addition, some cities in the United States, Chinese Taipei and other areas of Israel also said it would within a year of existing Wi-Fi Mesh network technology to carry out WiMAX + Mesh to build seamless coverage Broadband MAN.
wireless city development in China to show strong momentum, in addition to Taipei, Hong Kong large-scale deployment, China's Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan and Shenzhen, have been or are ready to begin building a wireless city . At present the Mainland of China wireless city construction system using wireless technology as the principal WiMAX + Wi-Fi, WiMAX is the wireless backbone network, which used to flow in all regions together, and wired network connectivity; Wi-Fi is in the radio access layer, complete end-to-network access, and wireless data within a small range jumper.
Youyu Wi-Fi technology was originally not based on the requirements of telecom system design, the direct application to the wireless city, there are some key technical issues, If these problems are not resolved will directly affect the success or failure of operator to a wireless city. the face of technical challenges, equipment providers and operators need to cooperate more closely, from the perspective of large-scale network operations, to solve the existing technical problems, exposing more without taking into account the potential problems, based on WiMAX and Wi-Fi technology to build carrier-class network standardization and regularization operators to promote the effective deployment of wireless city, to drive the wireless market matures and the prosperity of the city.
Security < br> congenital short board to rely on management to complement
Wireless Beijing is completed, will allow the public and government departments, enterprises, facilitate the integration through the network. The public wireless network anytime, anywhere through the exchange of information, process transactions, thus speeding up the flow of information . but we still need to see clearly, wireless cities also face great difficulties and challenges, constraints to its development there are many factors, including the special needs of all the safety issue is to be noted.
because of the special data , which is why the wireless network, in theory, more vulnerable than wired network intrusion. as long as the effective signal range, an intruder can enter the internal network to access resources attacks. In other words, if the user within the network transmission unit high-strength encryption data is not the case, likely to be peering into that government departments, public security institutions is a very big challenge.
believe we individuals are also security problems of wireless cities are very worried, after all, We are connected to a very large network, anyone can be attacked, but the odds in the using a wireless network, Internet information will be gathered into a limited access point, the export will have a wireless network switch, firewall, security and other supporting facilities. Therefore, the wireless network does not increase security risks. network is always a risk, but no more than wired networks.
Currently, wireless networks, including the common means of attack:
1. Dosattacks attack. The method is mainly through the flood algorithm to block network, and result in legitimate users can not use the network services of the network . Compared with wired networks, Wi-Fi networks for Dosattacks the network application layer and transport layer attacks nothing special, but because of the special attributes of wireless communication medium makes the Wi-Fi network in the data link layer and physical layer being The Dosattacks more serious harm.
2. the wireless network coverage overlap to create a wireless network without authorization. It requires activation of a nearby wireless network AP. The AP can send a stronger beacon signal and forged MAC addresses to attract business users with the establishment of a legitimate connection The AP called the authorized to use the honeypot AP client communication as an intermediary.
AP wireless network by sending beacon (or probe responses) to indicate their existence. The beacon contains the AP's MAC address (which is its identity) and the SSID (the network it supports the identity of logo). listen to the vicinity of different wireless AP client sent beacon. that the client usually has the desired SSID and the AP beacon signal to establish a strong connection. At present most of the wireless market AP's MAC address and SSID are allowed to be user-modified. such good access to AP and software tools, which allow the AP's MAC address and SSID changed to any value. Therefore, an attacker could change all their AP about access to the wireless city SSID, trick users into, to steal sensitive information purposes.
security has always been serious factors restricting the development of wireless technology. While there, including Intel and the part of vendors, including AboveCable a relatively comprehensive network security solutions, but to solve the problem of wireless security, which is not enough. relative to the wired network, wireless network security needs to be strengthened, and only ultimately provide comparable with conventional wired network security, effectively prevent data transfer process because of the leak was listening on radio, the network is difficult to be penetrated, the wireless network can actually be more widely used, wireless city in order to better develop.
operation and maintenance
dynamic adjustment of the heavy workload Beijing wireless city should be unified
work and has now completed construction of more than 1000 base stations. According to CLP, Qiu Ping, president of China through the introduction, the second phase construction will be completed by the end of 2009, covering 625 square kilometers of the city Wuhuanyinei , will build 9,000 Wi-Fi access points and WiMAX base stations 150, covering 90% of the main streets of Beijing .2010 by the end of Phase III will implement wireless broadband network coverage in rural and urban in Beijing. Faced with such a vast number of wireless equipment, the Beijing wireless city will ensure the stable operation and how to effectively maintain it?
high maintenance costs of urban development has been hindered an important factor in wireless. to Philadelphia, for example, after the completion of its wireless network, operators simply can not afford the maintenance and operating costs. In China, Taipei's wireless city, the monthly subsidies to local governments also need more than 10 million NT maintenance costs. CLP China Jiading Wireless City through the construction of the total investment estimated to be about 2 billion, a total layout 200 ~ 300 sets of Wi-Fi wireless devices and the annual maintenance costs of 5,000 million yuan. this estimate, the current Beijing wireless city maintenance costs, will be close to ten million yuan or more per month. And in the second and third phase completed, the cost will be even greater. profit model in the wireless city is not defined circumstances, to reduce network maintenance costs will undoubtedly increase the wireless city the opportunity to continue to develop.
wireless city from the network side, the main There are two main, the first is the operator, the second is the equipment manufacturers. from their point of view of both needs and goals, there is a difference. First, the business operators concerned and wireless resources, to use the wireless at least resources, comprehensive services to meet the scheduled demand; Second, the radio resources in certain conditions, the maximum operational capacity. The equipment manufacturers are concerned that the use of the smallest size of available wireless radio resource reservation, while the equipment program in a certain condition Next, to maximize the utilization of radio resources.
closer look at the wireless network operation and maintenance of the engineering characteristics will be found to contain both the causes and driving forces. The first is the maintenance of the wireless network. wireless network with the wired network there is a relatively large difference, the wireless network affected by the environment is very large, it is a dynamic thing.'s defenders as the system operator must always pay attention to the dynamic changes in the wireless network, to make these adjustments, the performance of the network and service level in a range. And then there are developmental, according to the continuous expansion of business development, which requires a lot of wireless network operation and maintenance work.
wireless city for Beijing, how do these two need a complete the unity of it? Watertown area, said the CLP, in practical work will be needed for various real-time adjustment of the network. These changes include the daily evaluation, testing, and through a variety of network management platform to optimize the system to adjust the system. Broadly speaking, the planning is the progressive realization of a systematic optimization of the network.
wireless city will take a lot of applications. In order to meet different needs, evaluation of the wireless signal is not the same, for the signal indicators of high quality requirements of the wireless business is usually very harsh, especially indoors also need a lot of attention because of the trend from now on, the business use of the gradual transition from wired to wireless up, then the indoor use of wireless networks is also relatively large.
how we can maintain a good coverage to hundreds of kilometers of wireless network? According to report, some manufacturers and research institutions are working to introduce intelligent network operation and maintenance system. This includes network optimization software, planning software, network testing tools (including testers). network operation and maintenance is the core of network management, equipment management, including performance management system as well. Zhang Xiaoxu said, if you want a good network operation and maintenance, management is good, then the need to various separate networks to integrate systems and equipment, thus achieving a unified management.
business
industrial applications as both a single species, probably in most people's eyes
, wireless city that is for individual users convenient way to access a way that a single business model, it is difficult to design profit model. In other countries, many wireless city eventually ends meet, being held as characteristics of the industry application developed in the first Jibei.
Tong Communication Co., Ltd. CLP China, said Vice President JINHUA: the first phase of wireless network coverage is mainly on the fixed Internet access service, currently do not support the mobile Internet. That is between two adjacent wireless AP is not roaming the need for a re-certification process. the application of some government or industry, we will be equipped with special vehicle wireless equipment. in the future if the general business needs in this respect, we will consider adding such a feature. Beijing's business district and the ring deployment and commissioning, CLP China through the ongoing acceptance testing, to finally achieve the goal of a wireless city should also need a process. in the government and industry applications, the CLP is also doing pilot Watertown estimated in the formal business sector will be the first to play a role in the public transportation, including buses and auto wireless monitoring.
According to the relevant parties, Beijing wireless city projects include Beijing e-government, city management and other important business wireless broadband network platform, and to provide wireless broadband services and content of public services. users within the coverage area, through wireless Internet, read news, check e-mail, tele-medicine, the travel booking, accept online education, etc.; Erju , wireless e-city bus also stops, bus scheduling of monitoring systems, security monitoring systems, shelters electronic monitoring, multimedia broadcast and many other cities in the information management business to become a reality.
Network second phase to be completed, will be Construction of Beijing 9000 in Wi-Fi (wireless LAN) access points, and 150 WiMAX base stations, covering 90% of the main streets of Beijing. At present, Xuanwu District, Beijing has built 15 base stations built by the WiMAX network sanitation sector for the government to provide wireless broadband services.
the same time, low-income people will be included in the wireless city Beijing offers object. Huatong CLP cooperation with the Government through the wireless city infrastructure construction, provide all kinds of relevant information for low-income masses to provide affordable wireless Internet access business, universal home Internet access, to enhance public service quality and expand educational channels.
charging mode operation
free flash in the pan remains to be verified
now appears that only discuss the construction of wireless the significance of broadband, not to discuss their business model is unrealistic, because even if the Wi-Fi or WiMAX technology is already mature and commercial operators in the end but how to get access to a benefit, there is still a problem.
for the better, more secure for users to provide wireless Internet service, CLP China through Since at 13:00 on July 21, 2008, the registration will be online and offline are two ways to access the user up to provide free registration services. The original public-free card ways Internet users will be at 0:00 on July 24, 2008 termination. since at 0:00 on July 24, 2008, all users must use their personal account to enjoy free access. free period to September 30, 2008.
For consumers, the tariff is always an important factor to be considered. wireless city a good network for free during the Olympic Games will not last long, as the Internet began as free e-mail released by the time used to begin a fee . However, this cost when the opening cross, how to pay, the question is worth pondering. However, we know that the city is hiring a wireless operator backbone network construction under the circumstances, the construction investment is much lower compared to 3G . Huatong CLP chief scientist and executive director, said Xie Linzhen, 3G wireless city's investment is only one-tenth or less. According to reports, after the Olympic Games, Beijing wireless city charging methods may be divided into packets days, monthly, the package and other forms, rates will be lower than the existing network, but the exact circumstances unknown.
Cabernet Dr. Deng Zhicheng telecommunications consulting firm that comes to wireless broadband business model problems, in fact contains two issues, namely how to achieve billing, and second, in the end what users actually use such a business.
Deng Zhicheng, at present there are two kinds of business models. For public places, such as airports, in fact, mobile operators are more inclined to use their own wireless network the development of some high-speed data business applications rather than the application of voice services, so the Internet at the airport, only phone number the user can set the bundle, the price is about two cents per minute, the price is acceptable to users.
China Mobile at the airport, wireless broadband Internet access services provided by fixed network operators than before pushing the a large scale promotion of this business, the reason is that this part of the Internet user base at the airport are limited. income, quality of service has not been market tested, do not know this up for 2 billion yuan of state-owned operators, whether Kangde Zhu. because, after all, the pioneers of the global wireless most of the city became a martyr, not a few success stories: Australia New South Wales has canceled a free Wi-Fi service in Philadelphia and other places for free Wi-Fi projects have failed, many British people even think that Wi-Fi equipment to remove harmful to health in the world's most complete network of Chinese Taipei, Wi-Fi operators is precarious.
However, wireless cities in the failure of some parts of Europe, not simply a technical failure, but mainly the failure of the operation, which is fully wireless city in the market mode, the inevitable outcome. But in Beijing, the recent Wi-Fi will become an ideal choice for mobile network access. So wireless city near Beijing will have no small room to grow, just like the original, like PHS. So, people who looking forward to wireless city plans to gradually improve, do not mess only the Olympic Games launched the face-saving projects.
The reporter has learned that Beijing during the Olympic Games will be wireless city open to the public free use of the Olympic Games will be on user fees. tentative There are 4 choice of charges, namely: 20 per 1 day unlimited cards, 60 per 5 days unlimited cards, 80 cards and monthly unlimited charge 0.12 yuan per minute. In addition, advertisers paid, in receiving the signal at the same time the user opens the page in order to balance the investment cost of advertising will become a new attempt to model.
link to the current three major wireless city construction mode
Mode One: operator-led model funded by the operators and the construction, government investment in small, just a free placement of wireless antennas and other public facilities, street lights.
Mode II: operator investment, government hiring mode, network operators, as contractors, After the completion of municipal networks promise to be leasing the network to provide free services to the public, relying on advertising revenue profit wireless network.
Mode Three: Government-led government raise the funds needed network construction, network operators are given a non-profit organizations.

60th anniversary of his father

 60th anniversary of his father
1950  3 4, his father bid farewell to life on March 4 .2010, his father passed away exactly one cycle.
1950 spring, Mengzhao Rui Feng Shi Shaohua the mission will be almost full-year-old I'm from the Hebei pregnant nurse in Fort Ann Chaigou home to Beijing, North China Military Region eighty-one sent to schools, kindergartens, his father had died a month. principals, teachers and parents of children almost always know something about the father, so I grew up to know that his father called Sha Fei, as he killed a Japanese doctor, was shot.
with age, I am becoming more eager to understand his father .1965 eve of the summer I graduated high school, when the mother was a business trip when she secretly opened one never saw the old wooden box opened. in a yellow leather bag has a small tin, which should really have some things I believe: a young man wearing a suit photos father, father photo of the mother brother and sister, father, Guangzhou, Guilin festival journal, the father did not finish the autobiography, January 10, 1950 North Military Political Department of the party's decision on the expulsion ShaFei, February 24, 1950 People's Liberation Army North China Military Region Political Department of martial law imposed ShaFei on capital punishment at the Judgement, February 27, 1950 North Military Region, PLA instructions and other documents. (2005 his mother left, my mother's remains to his father mm was filled with artifacts, to me special meaning in their own wooden box back home.)
ShaFei 1912.5.5-1950.3.4 Wuzhou in Guangxi in 1931 (photo studio)
ShaFei formerly known as Stuart biography, was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong Kaiping ancestral home. 1926 to participate in the Northern Expedition, when the radio operator in the National Revolutionary Army in 1932 when the telegraph station in Shantou, in September 1936 admitted to the Shanghai Art College .1937 in Taiyuan, Shanxi in September as the national news agency photographer in December .1937 Fuping participate in the Eighth Route Army in Hebei; has served as Director of .1950 on March 4, due to shot a Japanese doctor, was in North China Shijiazhuang, capital punishment for military martial law in May In 1986, the Beijing Military Region Military Court identified by the retrial, Sha Fei was the case in committing the crime of mental illness does not bear criminal responsibility. revoke the original decision.
left: the eldest son of King Hedley, Sha Fei, Wang Hui, the eldest daughter Wang Xiaoli Zhangjiakou 1946 I was a strong shock
. I finally know his father's life and die! first saw pictures of his father, found himself look so like him! I felt my father's veins flowed the blood of my blood, and his tightly together. I take it the photo studio remake, the files are copied down. dead of night, I take pictures often, judgments out, watching, kissing, tears, this is my biggest secret girlhood.
father, to me is eternal. from fifties, I started the search for life on his father.
scene when his father away, I never dare to think carefully, but often appear in the dream scene.
Wang Chaoxiu 1950
fifteen-year-old female Wang Chaoxiu year witnessed the whole process of life ShaFei farewell:
when I graduated from North China military forces assigned to a large nursery, a western suburb of Shijiazhuang City in the Yellow House in March .1950 4, the day Overcast. We were eating breakfast, and some in front of the squatting, standing to eat, see a coach coming from the wall of pulling a coffin, no paint, white, car pull back to the janitor's room, as if unwilling to be seen, but we have seen, laughed, and we go to ask to pull carts around the old man, why pull the coffin? the 50-year-old man wearing an agricultural service said people should be shot . is that? I heard a soldier, killing a Japanese doctor. old heavy tone, it is unfair. we talking about with indignation. soon hear car hit the wall outside the whistle, the coachman ran to the door of elderly people, but also hurry back, will pull the car drove out the coffin, followed by small green military jeep in the back of that bike. We think this car is that person, we followed the more than 20 people ran out of the wall to the left, and then further on wasteland, a few hundred meters away from the Yellow House, the car stopped. the door opened, and down three people in uniform, but also come up with a green army blankets; two holding rifles and the other is of medium build, pale white skin, it seems also some red, young, handsome, natural look, wear a military uniform, no badge and cap badge, head down, hands behind, no bundle, walking firmly. started three people walk side by side, out of three hundred meters, one stopped, two people continue to move forward, and went hundred meters, they also stopped one of them took a few steps to the side, back to the stand that held the back of their hands. suddenly punched the back of people stood at attention and respect a salute, I think is to give respect to people who were killed in the ceremony, and then he lifted up towards the people that carrying a gun, that person is not tense, not moving. scared to see some of our live the ears, and some turned back face, and some hand blindfolded, bare fingers still want to see. I stared at his eyes, standing there, a blank mind. gun sound, and he fell. horror suddenly wake up like the crowd and ran to where he fell. behind the soldier with the step forward, two soldiers slowly turned over his body, is a positive cap, leveled the entire uniform, with a light gauze graze to his face and blood stains on the loess. Many of us cried. carriage came, the two old soldiers and the coachman carried the coffin down, next to a pit had been dug, two soldiers take the green army blankets, shop in the coffin, gently lift his place which moves slowly, none of them say a word, as if afraid of waking the sleeping person is like, very quiet, quiet to hear each Personal minor breathing and breathing. Then came the bugle, was not covered with lid, we all ran back to the Yellow House. have not eaten breakfast, I could not even lunch, dinner also swallow does not survive, The total surface kept trained eyes closed eyes and serene faces, bright red blood, ear piercing guns that always ringing. rate signal rang, I lay in bed, the darkness and saw the horrible scene. I difficult to understand and accept the shooting of a Japanese to be the harsh reality of life for a life. Japanese imperialism in China killed tens of millions of our people, they who attractiveness it?! next morning exercise, I go quietly where he fell, There is no longer one person, a desolate land, a bulge of the loess Xinfen. stuck in a grave about 3 feet high and 4 inches wide, coarse material wooden plaque, written in ink above the word. then I knew the dead man Mingjiao Sha fly. Since then I have finished speaking out every morning to see Sha Fei, in his grave knock a few heads, quietly accompany him ten minutes, I quietly back to his write a poem.
dedicated ShaFei
Every morning, I stood in your grave,
silently reciting Ode to you my poems.
Although we do not know, I was painfully
your thoughts.
You was so young, but his twenties,
valiant heroic, ruddy.
already made a glorious revolutionary contribution,
Otherwise how do you have out of control?
you pay dearly mm
happy life no longer belongs to you hh.
I'm sorry for you, sorry you unnecessary expense.
I'm sorry for you, sorry you are transient youth.
me your anger, grief and indignation the ups and downs of your life.
dedicated to you, however I can only:
sincere condolences and deep
pure childish tears.
rest in peace the souls of early death!
rest in peace young ShaFei!
on earth in addition to your family, friends,
there is a younger soldier,
sincerely miss your .
I would like it to be some comfort to you.
soldier Wang Chaoxiu March 5, 1950 in Shijiazhuang
Wang Zhaoxiu (middle) with friends and relatives looking for their children and Sha Fei Sha Fei fell where 2004.5 Yang Shijiazhuang
.20 grams (Zhu Liang was the original secretary) in 2008 recalled: I was a large army in northern China, ShaFei left, leading me to write on a board, Sha Fei Li in the cemetery.
Wang Xiaoli, Wang Yan and sisters to visit Zhang Ding in the (March 4, 1950 ShaFei read the verdict to the Judge Advocate Office representative) in the 2001 Beijing
Zhang Ding recalled: I was defending the Political Department of the North China Military Region Third Section and Chairman of the Department Judge Advocate office management work on March 3 .1950 I take the cart from Beijing to Shijiazhuang, North China military big night to the Security Department. They presented the situation to find out how layout alert arrangements ShaFei I do ideological work, so he has prepared. I was in the morning of March 4, the ShaFei called out to the office. ShaFei the first time I see his uniform, wearing a hat, with handcuffs. At that time the house has more than a dozen and that they are large military guard force soldiers. ShaFei I say you are gay? He said yes. I said, very serious mistakes you make, to deal with, asked him if he was not prepared. He said there was. I continued to read the verdict , finished, he said nothing to say. I said, immediately after the verdict, he nodded. when he went out, the car went, I did not go. was to get clothes as a pillow, took the quilt to go, this should be, a good arrangement. am very well executed, the afternoon I go back. I just said to him, then the implementation of sentences, as relics, burial, and I did not join the military in a big way.
Korea Bin 1920-1995
father's memories of comrades and fellow inmates Han Bin: March 4 morning meal, rice on the yard, take the bowl at the food per person, ShaFei eat slowly. Yuan-General told him to go, he chest while walking repeatedly at me, meaning I did not call a good thing, hand Bibi head. he came back, I saw him shaved, that he will never come back. He closed two or three months, no hair , a long beard, to shave just before the final sentencing. He wore wool socks, shoes, a full set of their clothes, the belt back to him, and he smiled at me when the belt line, let's never goodbye, you For me the best understanding of the future for me. caretaker Liu asked him you say? I said, let me talk to his wife and children. That day I gave him to wear shoes, people would not let him wear shoes he non-wear, or do not go. When he left me laugh, and looking upward, eyes closed, that will never come back. next to the screens of Hunan, said that today seems ominous. He waved to me to say goodbye Goodbye. I said Kangkaijiuyi go! him out, and never came back since then on and I forever. I can only shed tears of sympathy for the detention center guards .12 points more than the small soldier came back and said, ShaFei implemented. I asked the Which? he said location. how to implement? very impressive! sit Xiao Woche go. a hit out. ShaFei death situation, Liu told me, he was wearing shackles, get off, someone hit his head, Gou Minister , little Sichuanese Thao, Xie company commander to fight, kick down the head immediately clean the blood, wrapped in blankets. kid said to an official the military chief of staff, announced the execution of the General Assembly Sha Fei, a cadre, Peace Hospital representative. I heard the request before the sand fly: 1. shave .2. put his wife woven wool socks, Maoku .3. a stone, put forward a token, called the children will get home .4. execution do not kneel, he is communist, not a prisoner, the enemy, who made the law. I after his release, went to see a few graves. foot tall monument, Guangdong Kaiping people, Sha Fei Tomb, one thousand nine hundred and fifty years established. tomb in the martyrs cemetery outside the southeast corner, up to 200 meters. I asked the guard company, and when the fear ShaFei shot? He said it was natural, on the train and get off very natural, no regrets, no worries, no sadness, no tears. he was gone, many people say, ShaFei very bones, very military style, not pull, pull, drag.
ShaFei of the treating physician Zhang Fuyun 2004 Shijiazhuang
Zhang Fuyun memories: March 4 at public rallies I attended. cloudy, gray morning, a small playground in a peaceful hospital pronounced Sha Fei stood makeshift podium, wearing uniforms, not wearing a badge, he very handsome, very spiritual, very clean, neat. his face pale, but there is no fear, facing the audience to see the East looking West, unafraid of death. we talk, he do not care. The Japanese took part in the Council of Military Region come pronounced, the General Assembly, not long, the spot announced capital punishment, immediately got me perform. buried in the martyrs cemetery east wall. ShaFei death, the Japanese admire, saying that the Chinese Communist Party is really great!
1950 年 3 月 4 日 drove to the place of execution of the peace ShaFei focus Hospital driver En 2001, en Shijiazhuang
Coke recalls: I drove ShaFei to the execution ground. I was driving the Jeep was a military, the U.S. ambulances, military force law office went to the two people, no one else, the car is two strip in the middle to put the stretcher, they are 3 people sitting and said nothing. ShaFei wearing new uniforms, he did not fear, not with the handcuffs to the execution ground and no belt. get off on the enforcement of sentences of the people he said, I do hope that organizations think about it. People say, your problems discussed earlier, the Chairman Mao took part in the meeting. very close to the execution ground, not 2 years, the ragged, dug a pit, the location of martyrs cemetery behind. I did not wait for them, immediately drove away.
buried together with a few people ShaFei situation, Huang Yusheng in the mail room when the correspondent, the younger brother in the General Services Section, to report his home, saying that they are Return of the Native groups, he won a guard soldier's gun, shot and killed his wife Zhang and Dean. A volunteer company commander attempted rape of a woman to throw the well people drowned, three days breaking concludes the case. They trial General Assembly in the playground, performed immediately after the verdict, two of a car, which I drove to the place of execution, Huang Yusheng walk, two people took him on the train. Purges movement mobilization meeting is called to open the person in question account for the evening Tiaojing Zhao, director of pediatrics, and seventy-eight days after the find, and I picked up his week Baoshan has decomposed. another person is injustice.
Gu Di diary March 6, 1950:
Zhang Zhixiang, deputy director of the report Record: Sha Fei joined the revolution is the work of the early war, he illustrated and photographic work in the liberated areas is a great contribution. northeastern Pictorial, the establishment of the Second Field Illustrated are sent to the Jin-Cha-Pictorial. ShaFei the These achievements as their own, have pride of credit for the emotions. in Zhangjiakou, he had written in blood, that is to discuss major strategic issues of Chairman Mao, he has always looked down on leadership, his ideas and the party is a distance. He thought of Guangzhou Air Force engaged in the work, he wants to own something to the world on fire. Zhangjiakou city retreat, he would like to photo-offset printing money ways to resolve our financial difficulties, and disrupt the enemy's financial. War, he wanted to fly a kite with The method of bombing in Peking. This shows that his thinking is very wrong line. want to make the skills of small things to blockbuster. He does not love the long-term study, do not read newspapers, read detective novels. politically, ideologically and degenerates. he holds a narrow nationalist perspective, the good physician killed. We should be good for each alert comrades. In particular, the old comrades, should be a clear understanding of what they are not great, not much capacity. In addition to the party , in addition to organizations, is nothing to it. Do not think that they are a little glorious history, can be proud of credit for not learning will fall behind. Many comrades he is not learning, personal problems all day to fill the mind, so that the potential of crisis Even if do not make homicide, serious errors can occur the same. We should see that they are not to fall, and quickly take a cold shower, wake up now! exciting up! forget about personal problems! law is to consolidate the fruits of victory. We must destroy the old society of the law because it is used to rule the people. Today the people have their own government, in order to protect the people of the law, breaking the law will punish according to law. ShaFei killed a man , we must follow the law. ShaFei error that he himself full responsibility, leadership is not responsible. to his credit can not be removed from his death. We can not point to his personal credit, and give people a comprehensive benefits. If you do not kill him, will surely lead to serious political losses. the Communist Party is not above the people's class, can not handle. the whole party should be well maintained this decision.
ShaFei medical director of the hospital to kill the peace Ze-Sheng Jin Japanese doctors, was March 4, 1950 in Shijiazhuang execution.
Gu Di Diary March 10, 1950: Deputy Director and Lee (Lee case c) of the peace outside the North with the Beijing Military Region, the second model Director of Prisons to take the relics of the sand, chief not at home, and the custodian approached. These little pawns shelves large, very angry. what they have withheld public, only a few broken personal items. face these things, think to myself dead, mixed feelings, sadness can not tell. We packed up ShaFei lifetime small ocean iron used, thermos, mug, small mirror, wear (clothes are very worn), read the book and saved part of the He stood inside the exhibition in Guangzhou, the paper published in the Times news and Wang Hui wrote him a letter, also containing the film he shot of Lu Xun, the Eighth Route Army Headquarters issued a press card, and his letter of appointment when the Senate and other these important materials are now gone. This is my second time to see a small tin, but the person has died, these precious things will be given to whom? we know after a piece of Inspection, gave them some months receipts, With great sadness out of the prison door.
recalled the way March 6 meeting in the headquarters auditorium Zhang Zhixiang, deputy director of Cadres officially announced the decision of expulsion from the party and Comrade Sha Fei Sha Fei crime was situation, at trials by military, capital punishment, and in March 4 in Shijiazhuang implementation. These words, like a steel knife piercing my heart, the veteran of such a well-tempered, it will fall to the end. His 13 years of glorious history, this all ruined!
Gu Di 1999 Memories: I introduce to participate in the work Pictorial Gu Yueqing, his sheep, the ShaFei to wear his coat. judgments founded 2207 by the factory ShaFei printing, distribution Gu Yueqing Zhang Yichuan director of India, he saw cry, refused to print, but also to find another party to India. I gave ShaFei Fuping Huagou a pak palm bowl, a pair of ivory chopsticks, I I heard to try drugs, get back the relics of Sha Fei, bowl is worn away. cowhide has been Pictorial. I saw a small tin, but there is not anything.
LI Yu Yin in 1987 recalled: 1950 3 Shi Shaohua Gu month Di sent me and get back to the Security Department of North China Military Region Sha Fei's remains, placed in the prison of virtues. belongings did not give a list, not a piece count, mostly dilapidated, a duck down sleeping bags are worn out, and some daily necessities and personal letters. Wang Hui letter to Shi Shaohua, that half of the gold ring but not the other half have been sold. we go to, a lesbian that looks ugly, to give, we will not want. ShaFei to buy their own cameras in Zhangjiakou, did not go to will not give.
Pang Mei Mountain in 2002 recalled: ShaFei death, the Department of North China Military camps in the party cadres at and above were communicated. Propaganda Department of the Zhang Zhixiang convey, he said the meeting Flying relics, relics of a prison warehouse, stacked on the ground, I just get a bag, a toothbrush, a cup, a few pairs of socks, a shirt, a small burden, no negatives, a small iron box, camera. I asked what camera? those who did not know. I'm back to Shi Shaohua report to him. Shijiazhuang Shi Shaohua sent me to fetch a special trip to Lu Xun's film. I'm mainly looking for a small tin. Security Department Director, said, when executed ShaFei , small metal fall out, enforcement of sentences of people put it into the pocket ShaFei. I asked if he could open the tomb. they said, the coffin had been marked out of cement, it is impossible to open. asked the security department, not to re-open. I asked the Shi Shaohua, open? he said, do not open. ShaFei set of Lu Xun's film is indeed in the coffin.
1950 年 2 月 15 日 ShaFei List
1, army shoes, One double, 2, provided One box two (two), 3, mug One a (cross I), 4, one Taiwan .5 camera, split chicken, 6, talcum powder boxes .7, twenty one red ball, 8, soapbox One a (AC I), 9, half bottle of toothpaste (AC I), 10, a .11 One small mirrors, pictures II Chang, 12, Yanghuo One Box, One Western drama needle boxes, Yang Yi a knife (with box) , curette One son, 13,, toothbrush two (cross I), 14, washbasin One, 15, pear qi, 16, thermos two, 17, One bed quilts (AC I), 18, Families of opera films Zhang, 19, towel bar Stanford (AC I a), 20, two pairs of socks (AC I) .21, Fan Yi a, 22, the text of the Public Assembly Manual One, 23, cap One top, collar One section, 24, One a list (AC I), 25, a Stanford uniform jacket (AC I) .26, pants on Article One (AC I), 27, each bag One size, 28, books One package, 29, smoke Next a box, half a box of cream, 30, a pillow One (AC I), 31, belts One section, 32, six gold hand (the , line and son of a gun (ID: 125194), He Ziqiang one (ID: 805434), four rounds of ammunition.
1950 年 3 月 5 日 ShaFei list remains a March 5, 1950 ShaFei relics Listing 2 March 8, 1950, comrade Wu Qun, Li Yin chase to find the event film of Lu Xun letter.
1950 年 4 月 5 日 held responsible for criminal enforcement ShaFei and the Political Department of the North China Military and Political University Security Department to Lu Xun's film write back.
Lin Yang 1980 recalled: ShaFei death, I passed the original old man of peace hospital inpatient learned after the accident he was, did not wearing handcuffs and leg irons, but also in the hospital, of course, outside the defending them. his will asked to give him a stone, how to write of death. We know where he was buried, and Hebei Military Region, a few comrades to sweep the tomb, but also the pressure on the white paper, which is something we never dared to say. I went to before the accident to contact Beijing Union Medical College Hospital, took him to hospital Check. his relics to the Pictorial, started on the outside, then get into the house, I opened that ShaFei carry bags, see at least three tin film, I saw the film of Lu Xun, Lu Xun seems to have and a large beard, is not George Bernard Shaw. This is his most precious part, has been on the top left pocket, pocket torn. Bethune's album seems to have with the relics to the Pictorial.
1950 years later I Nie camera, the two raised, so now need people to die in the ShaFei how good!
Zhaoyin De recalled in 1980: a business trip in 1950 when I went to Shijiazhuang, spent several hours running all over the Military Security Department every corner around the site, only in a small willow trees, find a board where the good contribution to the big, off such a fate.
Greenway in 1998 recalled: 1950, Drama Club we have a few comrades to fight the enemy to complete that task in Shijiazhuang, the special trip to see ShaFei tomb, afraid to tell back to Beijing others.
Lo LIDAR 1980 Memories: I heard that ShaFei trouble, I'll pick up a pen as he wrote the complaint, but have not yet finished, the execution orders came down, did not expect so soon I was .1956 of the Central Academy of Drama Vice-premier, Nie term play, I take him off the middle of a walk, make any connection with him, I know ShaFei, when he was mentally ill.
Zhang recalled four 1980: 1950 my office from the Yeung Shui Sang see the notification on the Sha Fei, Yeung Shui Sang the old cry, that may be the spirit of the problems ShaFei, credit is so big, such a result, the Japanese who do not hate hate, but the enemy has for us, ShaFei not so narrow-minded people, We observe the situation no better than low.
Ya Shan 1980 memories: ShaFei treatment room in the Pictorial announced, everyone cried, then sat next to me crying Yin Lee case is very serious. Soon, I, Pang Mei, Gu Di, white algae to see the world before the revolution Sha Fei Zhang shot a dozen photos, we have not seen that very high level, quite impressive.
finally moved to Sha Fei Tomb of Peace Hospital Administration Division Officer weeks Baoshan Baoshan 2004 Shijiazhuang
Week Memories: 1951 I went to Peace Hospital. the original hospital patients, the martyrs are buried in the martyrs cemetery outside, and since I did not move the tomb to the pharmaceutical companies handled. After the tomb of the first move, give me control. I saw a wooden sign ShaFei tomb, write the name, which fly to see the word unclear. I wrote the report said, come after the family could not find how to do the grave, approved a higher level, to set out a twenty to thirty ShaFei cm wide, one-meter high monument. from pharmaceutical companies and then move the tomb is my handle, get away with soil, I saw the coffin ShaFei bad, and I to South Road, Guan Caipu, a dozen top of the coffin, I bought one of the best ShaFei, five-inch semi-thick, four entire board pine coffin was set on the elderly has not taken away the life of the oil timber , expensive, equivalent to over 130 yuan at current prices, I gave away, I let the ShaFei the coffin with the original new coffin packed with people, who are the town of Peace Hospital, the man buried in the Village. Hospitals often that Maiguan Cai, a general rule, the coffin 2 half inches thickness specifications, other people are generally in half the original, six board pine coffin, the coffin with the same size as ShaFei, the quality is not the same. I was the temporary arrested, not who told me so dry, the organization said, ShaFei old revolution, to take care of, we are very respected on the ShaFei. used to say that Phoebe ShaFei coffin, can not, then how can Shijiazhuang Phoebe coffin, the President's wife died, did not want to buy a good coffin. ShaFei dug to bury again, I am the supervision, directing other people do, I on behalf of the families side. After burying the monument to get past the previous legislation on. After the horizon, and I'm not sure. the third time to move the zoo, the unnatural deaths of several people not to touch, stay there a. shift the tomb was in 1958 ago. moved to the tomb, I drew an accurate map , to the Administration Division Sheng Shao Hou, who later handed over to Liu Futang, another to the organization department, is 2 copies of the drawings.
ShaFei 5 children, his brother and friends in Sha Fei Tong Szeto cemetery 2004.5.20 Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang, is the father of the last leg of the journey of life. He actually buried where? we (the family, comrades in arms) its best efforts for many years, only identified about the place: the suburbs of Shijiazhuang City, the foot wall of the backyard funeral .
King Hedley (ShaFei eldest son): the end of 1949 my mother just arrived in Beijing soon, one day she was late, they told me, your father was hurt, he killed people. my father was executed, my mother did not work one week, at home and cry all day, I comforted her, and she go to work, do not mention about it. Political Department before Zhu Liang, Zhang Nansheng wrote a letter to her mother: ShaFei revolution ten years, is contributing, his children All the public to support. this letter, I burned during the Cultural Revolution. I was in secondary school 101, December 1950 to join the army. My father has two small bags, one is when he used when the radio operator, and later put special film, the small metal plate mounted Lu sometimes a bag; another satchel is a file package, then put my father's possessions at his mother. Both packages were donated to the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War Memorial Hall. Bethune donated cameras, I spent nearly 10 years, in 1959 donated to the China Photographers Association; father bought in Zhangjiakou 1.5 Leica camera, he was in hospital, still hanging on the wall, one in the relics, but not to pay their families; father half of the gold ring is pressed in the mother, to come back again.
father had died, no one told my grandparents .1955 Stuart Bell on di Li Hua wrote to the father's old friend , asked ShaFei news. Shi Shaohua the letter I was forwarded to me .1956 mother look back to Guangzhou to visit the grandparents and aunts who, I dare not tell the reasons for the death of their father, only to say that it claims. until 60's grandparents have died, they do not know their son in the end how the dead.
Shi Shaohua recalled in 1981: processing ShaFei, the organization made it clear, does not implicate family members. After the liberation of the photos did not use his ShaFei names published, for two reasons, first, he has a relationship with Situ Meitang, Situ Meitang after returning home to see ShaFei, fearing that he Tracing asked at the end, we say that Sha Fei died, and second, he was shot, when the The forensic examination had no mental illness. published his work with his pen name when they Kongwang.
Wang Hui: the sand fly later, Pictorial and talked to me with Bank leadership. I wrote a letter to Nie, Zhu Liang talent, Zhang Zhixiang, wish to consider the contribution of Sha Fei, for his leniency. Soon Zhang Zhixiang talked to me, convey the execution ShaFei files, also conveyed the organization three decisions: 1. ShaFei not a counterrevolutionary, 2. not implicated his wife, 3. the children of non-discrimination, the organization responsible for bringing up children Sha Fei.
my two travel to Shijiazhuang, all went to his grave, but did not find.
I was transferred back to Guangzhou. but it has not ShaFei contact with the parents, I can not face them. 

Another good year of financial worries

 L
package just a company's turnover in 2000 was 894.68 million yuan, tax 133,950,000 yuan. Since 2000, the company's turnover rate of 10% a year growth, while tax rate of 20% . May I ask how many years, the company is equal to its total tax revenue?
little economic sense people would think that this is an absurd arithmetic! the world, no company tax will be equal to the turnover, the reasons very simple, so long as the company declared bear the heavy burden of taxation of business. However, in order more clearly the logic of the problem, this channel might be out the answer to math problems: about 22 years!
2000 years China's GDP was 8.9468 trillion yuan, fiscal revenue of 1.3395 trillion yuan, after 10 years, calculated according to national statistical standards, GDP of about an average annual (real) growth rate of 9.9%, while average revenue Zeyi (nominal) 19.7% growth rate. By 2009, China's fiscal revenue up to 6.8518 trillion yuan. State Administration of Taxation recently released data show that in 2010 tax revenue of 7.739 trillion yuan nationwide, according to the data kept in 2010, China's fiscal revenue expected to reach 8.7 trillion yuan, fiscal revenue growth is expected to be up to the name of 24%!
Thus, the first 10 years, China's fiscal revenue and GDP growth rate relationship and not out of this simple arithmetic logic. If the Financial income much higher than the GDP growth rate does not change the basic trend of long-term prospects are worrying.
Financial
the internal logic of high growth for 10 years before China is not only to continue to create the . economic development factors, the highest revenue growth in fiscal 2007, the Ministry of Finance has explained, income growth. fiscal revenue soared as the economy, which is easy to understand, but why the growth rate of revenue growth will be faster than the economy do? here mainly profit-driven factors and the progressive effects, for example, the first 10 years in the corporate income tax and personal income tax are much higher than the average growth rate of GDP growth rate.
Second Structural Changes. Simply put, when the GDP growth in the sector with higher tax rates faster than the rate of lower division, the revenue growth will exceed GDP growth rate. For example, secondary and tertiary industries is much higher than the growth rate of the primary industry, import and export sector grew by more than GDP, real estate and real estate prices relative to GDP and growth rate higher price level, including energy and metals prices of basic commodities, including the abolition of foreign income tax benefits, etc., will revenue growth of a structural contribution.
Third, tax collection and management factors. Government and academic consensus that the tax administration in China there are huge work conference that China in the and operating mechanism, the use of modern management methods and information technology, management personnel play an active role in enhancing the effective execution of ... ... and constantly improve the effectiveness of financial management. the three major factors, as well as officials and scholars are concerned about inflation, the statistical coverage, policy adjustments, provisional measures and other factors on the impact of high growth revenue.
financial essentially a phenomenon of government action and public governance. So , high revenue growth is the driving force of what? mainly three factors.
first tax rigidity. tax legislation and government work once they become standards, are likely to continue. tax rigid, rigid, including taxes, the tax rate rigidity and the tax threshold rigidity. Generally speaking, the new taxes than the more common cut taxes, increase the tax rate is also more common than lower taxes, and increase the threshold for certain types of taxes are usually more difficult.
Second, the performance works. the common dream of human public governance is to establish a affordability of care for the people. Now, tax and revenue targets have become the tax authorities, financial management and even government top leaders of the main performance indicators. In other words, higher taxation means higher performance. the first 10 years, the amount of actual completion of the national finances in a number of years away far exceeding the budget target set in early.
Third, the budget impulse. by economists as the representative of Buchanan's public choice theory has revealed a size of the budget of the natural impulse, which is human reason dictates.
sum up, China's fiscal revenue soared, economic and technical analysis is the direct cause, but more profound reason is found in government management and governance among the public.
good or bad: the standard Lost?
American and Marshall Justice has said: hot: high revenue growth in the end, OK? a view that China's fiscal revenue in GDP, has the lowest 1995 close to 10% to 20% now. Academy of Social Sciences published 2010 tax or over-enhanced revenue collection and management methods to continue to promote high growth, sooner or later will have a negative impact, for example, will crowd out private investment, will reduce the incentive to work hard on the effect of citizens, as well as the effective expansion of domestic demand will be suppressed. the long run, high taxes would hurt China's economic growth rate and quality.
The other view is that China's fiscal revenue of high growth is normal, is a reasonable explanation; the same time, the proportion of China's fiscal revenue in GDP in the world and the developed countries, whether within or with developing countries than are low. Therefore, there are still increased the proportion of fiscal revenue in GDP in the space. As a result, the high revenue growth to be encouraged, The growth rate higher than GDP growth, in order to improve the proportion of fiscal revenue in GDP. This view of a large, multinational experience real data comparison and seemed to give strong support to this view, but there is this view serious logical problems.
logical question one: to focus only on international horizontal comparison, the neglect of the longitudinal study. take a 50-year-old middle-aged body fat and fat intake needed daily to more than a second year-old youth is a long body daily requirement of fat intake, no sense, because the standard of comparison itself is misleading. It was often the OECD (OECD) countries as China more than 30 reference . major Western countries as early as 100 years ago, has basically completed its industrial revolution, and today in the latter stages of industrial society, the welfare state. And now China is a country in the process of industrialization, indiscriminate white, copy the developed countries, financial data, is the lack of political wisdom. This is precisely the situation the best thing about the place of China. Today, China's largest national conditions is still in critical stages of industrialization.
Some scholars have often cited the proportion of developed countries GDP, financial revenue and expenditure data In most countries the average between 40% to 50%, of which Sweden and Finland had the highest proportion of over 50%. According to this standard, the proportion of China's fiscal revenue in GDP is still low. However, Western Europe and North America major developed countries in their industrialization process, when the share is how much? 1913 before the First World War, many countries are not of this proportion to 10%. economists, the statistics of Tanzi and 舒克内西特of 17 major OECD countries, 1870 GDP, government spending accounts for only 10.7%, and only then in 1913 the proportion reached 12.7%. U.S. figures were even lower in 1870 was 7.3%, 7.5% in 1913 .
In other words, the major developed countries in promoting the industrialization process, the implementation of all low-tax rather than high-tax policies. In addition, in developed countries like the United States but also the proportion of fiscal revenue relative to GDP, countries with lower , less than 30%. The CASS report said China's macro tax burden has exceeded 30%. This is higher than the United States, of course, still below the United Kingdom.
logic II: focus only on the fiscal revenue structure to the neglect of fiscal expenditure structure. many scholars that the proportion of developed countries GDP, fiscal revenue, they often ignore the structure of its expenditure. In fact, in these countries, how to spend it with the revenue growth has a close relationship. in the past 100 years or so, the developed countries to achieve fiscal revenue in GDP, down from 10% to over 40% growth, while the most important part of their growth on social welfare spending. Today, the entire social welfare expenditure in developed countries probably account for the entire fiscal revenue and expenditure by 50%. converted about social welfare spending-GDP ratio of over 20% important. If Excluding the proceeds of the revenue and expenditure of social welfare, the majority of developed countries are still not really high-tax countries.
For today's China, the whole structure of financial expenditure, social welfare spending is only about 1 / 4, if the calibration of the revenue-based, this proportion will be lower, much lower than developed countries. As a , without adjusting the structure of fiscal expenditure, if further increase the proportion of fiscal revenue in GDP, the larger will leave future generations of China to become the welfare state is likely to become the first high-tax countries, and when the Chinese want to build welfare state may lack sufficient financial resources to pay the additional costs of social welfare. not yet in place in the social welfare expenditure conditions , the fiscal revenue and expenditure for the future high-growth likely to leave a huge As a reference, the proportion of China's fiscal revenue in GDP is also lower than the middle level in developing countries. First, this view often only takes into account the Ministry of Finance announced the proportion of fiscal revenue in GDP, without taking into account more than 30% of the consolidated tax. Secondly, if by the Financial statistics, the Chinese middle class in developing countries than in the past, what does this mean? Does this mean that China should improve the fiscal revenue in GDP, it? must first figure out is: Low What is good in the middle level, or bad? this point there is no economic analysis of logic. In this view, far more than the average growth rate of China's GDP is also down to the middle level of developing countries in line with what ? On the contrary, economists advocate the opposite view may be in China in the past the low proportion of GDP, fiscal revenue and to establish links between the higher rate of economic growth. Economists Chris Ding Luo Mo et al 2007 study confirmed that the tax produced a sustained increase in GDP and a huge negative impact - GDP in the 1% tax increase will cause GDP output fell by 2% 至 3%.

If the tax cuts called for substantive international experience is still the important reference for the formulation of fiscal policy, then the practice of developed countries so far revealed three significant financial experience:
First, the world is not a market-oriented manner industrialized powers in its industrialization process is the implementation of high-tax policy The. Western Europe and North America basically completed the major industrialized countries in the time of the proportion of fiscal revenue in GDP is usually only about 10%. These countries are to achieve a higher level of economic development after the implementation of the high-tax policy.
second developed countries from the low-tax financial shape to the process of transformation of higher taxes, new taxes mainly for the construction of the whereabouts of the welfare state. the increase in social welfare spending, accounting for these countries over the past 100 years, the major part of additional revenue . In other words, developed countries to increase fiscal revenue in GDP, the corresponding building a welfare state.
Third, despite the low taxes and high growth there is no absolute correspondence between, but the history of the world's major developed countries experience , low taxes usually means high growth, high taxes mean low growth, usually. Now the high taxes, high welfare developed countries, of low growth, high unemployment and public debt crisis, have made clear the choice that is not prudent fiscal prudence approach. On the contrary, developed countries had to rethink the economics of Adam Smith advocated the originator of the high growth is not sustainable. If we allow the growth rate of fiscal revenue over GDP growth rate, will in the near future to see the adverse consequences of this policy. the world, no country can be far more than the long-term economic growth to maintain fiscal growth situation. Only visionary leadership, focus on the future, to overcome the rigidity of the tax problem, get rid of fiscal performance engineering and inhibit impulses government budget in order to reverse the rapid revenue growth. Logic does not matter if it is not sustainable into the immediate crisis, the main reason is that long enough, and need to be vigilant.
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